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Exercise 4.1

a.  

A perseveration of the /s/ in the final consonant cluster from missed, which is substituted for the /f/ in lift to form list instead of the intended lift. Notice that the phonetic contexts are very similar (preceding /ɪ/ and following /t/), as are the two sounds involved in the substitution (/f/ and /s/). See the textbook for further discussion of phonetic similarity.

b.  

An exchange of the vowel nuclei in beat and shit. The vowels involved (/i/ and /ɪ/) are phonetically similar (in most varieties of English both are high front vowels).

c.  

An anticipation of the /m/ in mystery, which replaces the /r/ in real and produces the real word meal. Note the phonetic similarity of the context - both consonants begin their words and also begin the stressed syllable in the word.

d.  

A perseveration of the /t/ in step, which is added after the first /s/ in sisters to produce the error stisters. Note the phonetic similarity of the context - both involve the initial consonant / consonant cluster of the word.

e.  

An exchange of the initial consonants in zipper and narrow. The phonetic similarity of the context is that both consonants begin their words and also begin the stressed syllable in the word.